Original link: https://www.latepost.com/news/dj_detail?id=1417
On February 1, 2022, the Lunar New Year, it has been nearly half a year since Singapore launched the “coexistence plan” with the new crown virus, but people have not ushered in an unrestrained festival. The Ministry of Health of Singapore still restricts dine-in restaurants to no more than five people per table, and has postponed plans to resume operations of nightclubs, KTVs and other entertainment venues based on the infection situation.
At that time, more than 90% of Singapore residents had been vaccinated against the new crown vaccine, and the virus they faced was also a less pathogenic Omicron, and the vast majority of infected people were asymptomatic. It will be one year after the launch of the “Coexistence Plan” when Singapore is truly liberalized and people’s lives basically return to those before the epidemic.
On August 29 this year, the Singapore Ministry of Health announced that the local area has entered a safer stage. Except for limited scenarios such as public transportation, residents are no longer required to wear masks; vaccinated immigrants no longer need to be tested [1].
In daily discussions, a government’s policy to deal with the spread of the new crown virus is often simplified as a choice between two extremes, but the reality is that governments are often looking for a balance between lockdown and liberalization, step by step towards true coexistence .
How to lead to coexistence determines the fate of hundreds of millions of people. We selected research papers, policy adjustments, statistics, etc. from six countries: the United Kingdom, the United States, Vietnam, Singapore, South Korea, and Australia, to see their response to the epidemic and their impact during the three-year period.
94% of Americans have been infected with the new coronavirus, relying on infection and vaccines to build protection
Caution and repetition run through the process of most governments’ response to the new crown virus. Even the United Kingdom, which is advertised as the representative of “laying flat”, has experienced three rounds of contraction and opening up after the outbreak of the new crown epidemic.
Over the past three years, most countries have gradually relaxed their control, and the people have built up their defense against the new crown virus between vaccines and infections. According to the statistics of FareCompare, an airline fare comparison website, there are currently only more than 10 countries in the world that require citizens to wear masks in some public places.
According to research conducted by the School of Public Health of Harvard, Yale and Stanford, as of November this year, 94.2% of the entire population in the United States had been infected with the new crown virus, achieving “herd immunity”. According to calculations, if a person is infected with the Omicron variant + booster vaccination (three injections), compared with ordinary people who have not been vaccinated or infected, the possibility of severe illness is reduced by 95% [2].
To achieve herd immunity, there will inevitably be economic and human costs, but making choices at different stages will determine how much the cost will be.
From January 2020 to December this year, compared with the average of the five years before the new crown virus epidemic, the number of deaths in the United States increased by 1.28 million-the so-called “excess deaths”. Compared with previous years, there were 377 more deaths per 100,000 Americans. The medical infrastructure and medical expenditure of the United States are the world’s leading, but the average death toll is much higher than the global average.
Rochelle Walensky, director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), announced a large-scale reshuffle of the team this year, “For the past 75 years, the CDC and public health departments have been preparing for situations like the new crown virus. In big moments, we did not perform as expected at all.”
Among the countries with a population of more than 25 million and reliable data, Australia has the lowest excess mortality rate, with 84 deaths per 100,000 people, about 80% lower than that of the United States. Among the countries with a population of more than 100 million, Japan has the lowest rate, with 93 deaths per 100,000 people, only 1/4 of that of the United States.
Deaths are not just numbers, but numbers still vary significantly. The total number of excess deaths in South Korea in the past three years is lower than the four causes of cancer, heart disease, pneumonia, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and slightly higher than suicide. The Russian figure is several times higher than other causes of death.
Drag to an orderly opening, relying on trust and a clear plan
At the beginning of 2020, when the new crown virus first spread around the world, all countries adopted lockdown measures to varying degrees-this is the oldest way for humans to deal with the plague. The difference is that some countries have successfully blocked and controlled, while others have not had time to block and control, and the virus has spread on a large scale.
The investigation report of the House of Commons of the British Parliament criticized the British government’s response to the epidemic, saying that the British government was too early to despair of “blockade” and chose a “delay” strategy-no longer preventing infection, but slowing down the speed of infection to allow the people to “realize” Herd immunity” [3].
“The British government has limited testing capabilities, is not sure that a vaccine can be developed, and believes that the public is unwilling to accept a long-term blockade, and judges that large-scale infection of the virus until herd immunity is inevitable.” The report believes that the UK, like most European and North American countries, made early mistakes Taking this “fatalistic” approach instead of stopping the spread of the virus with the decisive and resolute means that many East and Southeast Asian countries have done.
The problem is similar in the United States, where American non-fiction author Michael Lewis’ book “The Premonition” (“The Premonition”) documents the failure of the US government to deal with the new crown in 2020. He blamed the problem on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an agency that was supposed to be in charge of the outbreak when it put politics above science and was unwilling to announce strict control measures in the early stages of the epidemic, leaving state governments to fight on their own. . Coupled with the failure of the nucleic acid testing tools prepared by the CDC, the shortage of masks and even long cotton swabs, the United States lost the best time to control the problem in the early stage.
Although they failed to control the epidemic in the early stage, adjustments after the outbreak will also affect the results. The United Kingdom announced the blockade in March 2020. The 93-year-old Queen Elizabeth II delivered a national video speech, encouraging the people to stay at home, and then publicly vaccinated in the video. In the past three years, the United Kingdom has loosened and tightened twice based on the spread of the virus and vaccination. In the end, the proportion of excess deaths in the population is about 1/4 lower than that of the United States.
A study by a Korean university attributed the differences between the Eastern and Western models to cultural gaps, arguing that people in European and American countries value free choice and oppose mandatory wearing of masks and rejection of vaccinations [4]. Many media outlets in the United States reported that during the epidemic control period, the police in various places did not actively implement the mask order issued by the state government. Many American firefighters who vaccinate the public also have mandatory vaccinations. A president of a firefighters’ regional union in Washington State said in an interview, “We support vaccines and public safety. We just oppose mandatory enforcement.” [5]
What brought the virus under control at the outset was what the UK parliamentary report described as “decisive and resolute” the Eastern model. Not only China, but also Singapore, Vietnam, South Korea, Australia and other places initiated strict controls at the beginning of the outbreak, suspending most economic activities, tracking and isolating infected persons. In order to make citizens less motivated to escape isolation, the South Korean government will also issue isolation subsidies of tens of thousands of won (hundreds of yuan) per person per day.
As a member of the Commonwealth of Nations with a political system similar to that of the United Kingdom, Australia will block cities and cut off intercontinental and intercity travel at any time according to changes in the epidemic situation. The city of Melbourne was once blocked for more than 200 days. At the most stringent time, residents could only go out for 1 hour a day, no more than 3 miles, and it was strictly forbidden to go out at night.
A paper published by “The Lancet” in April this year studied the gains and losses of 177 countries in the fight against the new crown virus. Higher [6].
Successful regulation also comes at a huge economic cost, which cannot last forever. According to statistics from the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Singapore, in 2020, Singapore was strictly sealed off for two months, and the economic loss was about 11 billion US dollars (74.8 billion yuan). Economists estimate that Australia will lose 1 billion Australian dollars (approximately 4.8 billion yuan) per week in the closure of the Sydney area. Vietnam’s strict blockade of Ho Chi Minh City led to a 6% year-on-year GDP decline in the third quarter of 2021.
Beginning in the second half of 2021, the vaccination rate will increase, and most countries that originally adopted strict lockdowns will actively or passively adjust their strategies to try to coexist with the virus. When announcing the deregulation, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said in a televised speech that the government “must measure the impact of stringent containment measures on businesses and the economy, as well as the impact on children’s learning or the interaction between young people, families and communities. “
Singapore proposed a coexistence plan in August 2021, which is divided into four stages, and each stage further relaxes new crown testing, crowd gathering and entry restrictions:
- “Preparatory stage”, vaccinate, continue to block;
- The vaccination rate reaches 70%, the infection does not break out, and enters the “transition phase A”;
- The vaccination rate reaches 80%, the situation is stable, the medical system is not under pressure, and it enters “transition phase B”;
- After the situation stabilizes, consider entering the “stage of resistance to the new crown” and coexist with the new crown.
Getting as many elderly people vaccinated as possible is a prerequisite for safe opening
Vietnam is also a representative of the Eastern model. In the early days of the new crown, once the virus spread on a large scale, the Vietnamese government quickly blocked an area, shut down restaurants and other commercial establishments, and conducted extensive nucleic acid testing.
One result of the good effect of the blockade is that most residents do not really feel the threat posed by the new crown virus and may be reluctant to get vaccinated, and the country does not have sufficient motivation to promote vaccination. By the beginning of July 2021, less than 0.3% of people in Vietnam will be fully vaccinated, while both the United States and the United Kingdom have exceeded 50%.
At this time, the Delta strain, which is more pathogenic than the original strain, spread in Ho Chi Minh City. In order to contain the virus as much as possible, the Vietnamese government even mobilized the army into the city to impose martial law, prohibiting people from going out after 6 pm. But the result was not satisfactory. In the next two months, the death rate of the new crown in Vietnam remained above 3% for a long time. Meanwhile, Vietnam’s GDP fell 6% year-on-year in the third quarter.
The Vietnamese government issued Resolution No. 128 in October, changing the epidemic prevention policy from “strict epidemic prevention” to “safe adaptation, flexibility, and effective control of the new crown epidemic.” The decision-making power on how to respond to the epidemic is left to each province, and local officials can make their own decisions based on factors such as the epidemic situation, vaccination rates, and resources to help those infected with the new crown.
After that, Vietnam no longer released death data in a timely manner. According to comprehensive calculations by The Economist based on Human Mortality Database, World Mortality Dataset and other data, the proportion of excess deaths in the population during the COVID-19 period in Vietnam is at least twice that of South Korea, and may even exceed that of the United Kingdom .
It is generally believed that a country or region with a vaccination rate of 70% can achieve herd immunity and block the spread of infectious diseases. Eula Biss, a doctor of immunology, wrote in the book “Immunity” that young and middle-aged people should be vaccinated first, and they will have fewer adverse reactions. Vaccination can block the spread of the virus and protect immunity Vulnerable people – such as the elderly, young children, or pregnant women.
In the first half of 2021, almost all countries that have received the vaccine are promoting the vaccination of their residents, hoping to achieve herd immunity as soon as possible. But by the middle of that year, the Delta strain became prevalent, and fully vaccinated people were also infected, and it was no longer possible to completely block the spread of the virus. The role of the vaccine has become to reduce the serious illness or death of infected people.
The logic of vaccination is starting to shift, requiring as many people as possible to be vaccinated, especially older people with weakened immunity. During the same period, countries that began to consider shifting from lockdown to coexistence almost all linked the degree of liberalization of lockdown to high vaccination rates.
Singapore proposed a coexistence plan in August 2021, and a 70% vaccination rate is the starting point for action. Similarly, Australia, which began to promote coexistence in October 2021, also set the first vaccination rate target of coexistence at 70%.
After the Delta virus became a pandemic, the Vietnamese government also contacted more than 90 countries around the world to purchase vaccines, and launched a tax credit policy, calling on companies and wealthy people to donate money to buy vaccines. Coupled with the large number of casualties around us, the vaccination rate in Vietnam rose from 0.3% to 70% in less than half a year.
Many countries have tried to push up vaccination rates through mandatory measures. Australia stipulates that citizens over the age of 16, without special circumstances, cannot enter restaurants, gymnasiums, hospitals and other public places without being fully vaccinated. South Korea also imposes a large number of restrictions on those who are not vaccinated. The lower age limit was once lowered to 12 years old, and it actively called on various civil groups to promote vaccination.
Singapore’s largest commercial bank, DBS Bank, has cooperated with insurance companies to launch vaccination insurance. If there is a physical problem after vaccination, it will pay cash. By the end of 2021, in order to further promote the vaccination of the public, the Singapore government will only receive free treatment for those infected with the new coronavirus who have been vaccinated.
Singapore has also adopted many methods to mobilize the elderly to get vaccinated, such as advertising on TV in Chaoshan dialect, asking children to persuade the elderly at home, and asking government officials or doctors to come to popularize science. According to data from the Ministry of Health of Singapore, by the middle of 2021, the vaccination rate of elderly people over 60 years old in Singapore will be almost at the same pace as that of young adults.
Before the outbreak of the Omicron strain, the overall vaccination rates in Singapore and South Korea exceeded 80%. In contrast, the United States, where the new crown vaccine has been developed, has a vaccination rate of less than 70%.
The vaccine did not prevent Omicron from infecting a large number of people, but it did protect. When the medical journal “The Lancet” reviewed the new crown pandemic in November this year, it said that vaccines have greatly reduced the fatality rate [7].
Now there is a large amount of data to prove that most young adults will not develop severe disease after being infected with Omicron, and the deaths are concentrated in the unvaccinated elderly. A study of this year’s Omicron epidemic in Hong Kong, China (January 6-March 21) found that 96% of the 6000 deaths were older than 60 years and 70% were unvaccinated [8].
Similarly, in September this year, Shanghai Jiaotong University and other institutions published a study on the vaccination of the elderly and the death of the new crown in the “Lancet”, showing that during the outbreak in Shanghai, more than 90% of the deaths related to the new crown were unvaccinated elderly [ 9].
After the lockdown is lifted, the medical system will be under tremendous pressure, and it is not just hospital beds that need to be prepared
South Korea experienced an outbreak of a deadlier coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), in 2015. Having learned the lesson, the South Korean government and people have maintained a strict lockdown for nearly two years, launching an opening plan later than Singapore and Australia.
After the vaccination rate exceeded 75%, South Korea was preparing to open in November last year, and it was relatively cautious: until February, commercial facilities such as coffee shops and restaurants could only be open until 10 pm, and no more than 6 people per table. To check the vaccination certificate, you must wear a mask when you go out.
When Omicron broke out in February, the South Korean Ministry of Health had a set of response plans:
- Continue to vaccinate (more than 85% of the population fully vaccinated by the end of January 2022);
- The government uniformly dispatches and allocates hospital bed resources, allocates nearly 3,000 medical institutions to provide diagnosis and treatment services for the infected, and other hospitals treat other patients to reduce the risk of infection;
- If the infected person is diagnosed after a positive nucleic acid test, they should mainly be isolated at home to avoid running out of medical resources;
- 20% of the medical institutions are responsible for the elderly over 60 years old and those over 50 years old with basic diseases or low immunity. They monitor them twice a day and transfer them to the negative pressure wards of designated hospitals if their conditions worsen.
South Korea’s health ministry said the package could handle 217,000 new confirmed cases every day — equivalent to infecting 0.4% of the population every day.
However, the speed of infection exceeded the expectations of the South Korean Ministry of Health. At one time, 600,000 new confirmed cases were added every day, and 1.2% of South Koreans were infected every day.
Because of the proper response in the past two years, the new crown virus caused fewer casualties. Bloomberg is very confident in South Korea and regards it as an advanced example of preventing the new crown virus. It wrote “A country with 600,000 new cases every day, but still defeated the new crown” [10].
On the same day, JoongAng Ilbo, South Korea’s largest news organization, issued a briefing on the epidemic saying, “We don’t see any light at the end of the tunnel.” Funeral parlors extended their business hours, coffins were in short supply, and crematoria were overloaded[11].
The soaring wave of infections pushed South Korea’s medical system to the limit, and the first to fail was the new crown detection and diagnosis system. As of March 14, South Korea’s daily newly confirmed cases remained at more than 300,000 for a week in a row. The government relaxed the new crown diagnosis criteria, no longer required nucleic acid, and changed it to antigen-positive, confirmed by a doctor, and began home isolation. Take medicine for symptoms. Medicines to relieve coughs and fevers were in short supply.
Then there are not enough designated rescue beds and medical staff. The South Korean health department no longer expects to give priority to protecting the elderly and weak patients, and requires hospitals to free up beds as much as possible to treat critically ill patients: patients with underlying diseases infected with the new crown, and patients infected with the new crown in the hospital, as long as the symptoms are not serious, they will be transferred to the general ward first. Wait until serious illness occurs.
The South Korean army sent hundreds of military doctors to participate in the rescue. The hospital shortened the home isolation time of medical staff infected with the new crown to 5 days, and the isolation time of pharmacists to 3 days. According to the regulations of the South Korean government, after the residents are diagnosed with the new crown, they need to be isolated at home for 7 days. When there are not enough medical staff, we can only risk the risk of nosocomial infection.
Widespread infections have pushed up South Korea’s death toll. According to South Korean government statistics, in March this year, more than 8,000 people died from the new crown in South Korea, which is comparable to the number of deaths from the new crown in the previous two years. As the government mobilized a large amount of medical resources to deal with the new crown, it also affected the treatment of other patients. According to estimates by The Economist, South Korea had an excess of 13,000 deaths in March this year.
Kim Young-sam, a professor of medicine at Yonsei University in South Korea, said at a seminar in September this year that excess deaths were too high, saying that the South Korean government mobilized hospital intensive care beds to deal with severe patients with the new crown virus, resulting in non-new crown virus infection. The number of intensive care units available decreased, “depriving them of the opportunity to receive treatment” [12]. According to a report from the South Korean Ministry of Health, as of the end of March, South Korea has mobilized more than 10,000 medical institutions to deal with new crown infections, which is three times the original estimate.
At the beginning of the Omicron pandemic, the South Korean health department not only did not intend to tighten measures, but believed that large-scale infection was the only way for the new crown to turn from an epidemic to an endemic disease, and “the efficiency of sealing and controlling to prevent transmission is very low.” At the beginning of March, when the epidemic became more serious, the South Korean government responded to the demands of small and medium-sized business owners and further relaxed the control. The business hours can be extended to 11:00, the vaccination certificate will not be checked when entering the store, and the number of people at a table has increased to 8 people.
Lee Jae-gap, a professor at Hallym University in South Korea, believes that in the Omicron wave, the government’s wrong response accelerated the spread of the epidemic, which exceeded the “controllable level” and increased the harm [13].
In contrast, both Australia and Singapore have tightened the previously relaxed control measures during the Omicron epidemic to limit transmission as much as possible and “flatten the (infection) curve”. Before the outbreak of the Omicron strain, Singapore had decided to allow mild cases to be isolated at home. When Omicron first became popular, Singapore immediately required all infected persons to be isolated in a centralized manner, and only after confirming that Omicron had no higher risk did it return to the home isolation mode. During the Spring Festival, Singapore still maintains relatively strict control measures to avoid spreading the infection as much as possible.
Cautious liberalization has helped Singapore reduce the impact of the surge of new crown virus infections on the medical system. According to the excess death report released by the Singapore government, from the beginning of 2020 to the end of June this year, Singapore did not cause excess deaths due to medical runs, and almost all of them were due to the death of the new crown or the aggravation of the original illness by the new crown.
The sequelae are not mainly in the human body
The Omicron strain is still evolving, but not causing recurring waves of infections.
Discovered in November last year, there have been 5 strains that have evolved and spread in a large area, more than all previous mutant strains. This winter is no longer the Omicron BA.5 that swept Shanghai in the first half of the year, but It was Omicron BQ.1, but it did not trigger a new wave of infections, which is one reason why the World Health Organization and several countries are optimistic about future developments.
In September of this year, after the Omicron strain spread throughout the world, World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said at a press conference that “the end is in sight.”
The defense continued. The United States, which has declared the end of the new crown pandemic, launched a new crown vaccination plan in September this year, focusing on people over the age of 50, and also involving various associations and civic groups-National Parent-Teacher Association, religious organizations, etc. , mobilize residents to get vaccinated.
The third vaccine is an important task for the public health departments of most countries. In order to cope with the peak infection that may occur in winter, many countries have begun to advocate residents to receive the fourth dose of vaccine.
Now that the old people are done vaccinating, Singapore is now focusing its vaccinations on children and adolescents who are also less immune. Beginning on October 25, Singapore began to promote children aged six months to four years old to receive the new crown vaccine, and children aged 5 to 11 years old to receive booster shots. But normal life has largely resumed. People who have gone to Singapore in recent months no longer need nucleic acid or antigen tests. They can only feel the presence of the new coronavirus from the masks on public transportation.
Compared with the original strain of the new coronavirus, the Delta strain, the sequelae of the Omicron strain (called Long COVID in the medical field) are less harmful.
In June of this year, scientists from King’s College London published the first peer-reviewed study on the sequelae of Omicron in The Lancet. They analyzed 56,000 confirmed cases of Omicron during the epidemic, of which 4.5 After the nucleic acid test became negative, symptoms such as palpitations, pain, and fatigue lasted for more than a month, and among the 41,000 people diagnosed when the Delta strain was prevalent, this proportion was 10.8% [14].
This is the first authoritative study of the aftereffects of the Omicron variant, after many previous descriptions of the aftereffects were about the more pathogenic early variants, especially in patients in 2020, who were often not vaccinated and lacked protection.
The aftereffects are not permanent either. In November this year, a study published in the journal “Nature-Communications” surveyed 31,000 cases of COVID-19 sequelae for 6-18 months through questionnaires, and more than 70% of the cases fully recovered or recovered over time. Partial recovery [15].
The actual sequelae may be milder, because all current studies on the sequelae of the new crown collect symptoms from the subjective description of the infected person, without a doctor’s diagnosis. At the moment, even if a person does feel tired, it is not necessarily related to the new coronavirus infection.
In addition, about half of Omicron patients don’t even know they’ve been infected. In August of this year, researchers at UCLA and other institutions compared serum antibodies and found 210 people infected with the Omicron strain, and found that 56% of them did not know that they had been infected with the new coronavirus. These completely asymptomatic patients are often not effectively covered by sequelae studies [16].
During the epidemic of the new crown virus, the government’s blockade and the people’s voluntary reduction of consumption have caused huge losses to all walks of life. Therefore, all countries have launched economic stimulus plans against the epidemic to help as many companies as possible to tide over the difficulties.
The U.S. Congress approved an unprecedented $5 trillion: $835 billion to pay employees for small and medium-sized enterprises, $817 billion to encourage consumption by individuals, $678 billion in unemployment benefits, $156 billion to subsidize medical institutions, $80 billion in relief airline……
By November 2022, the U.S. labor force gap will remain at 10 million. At this time, 10 months have passed since the peak of Omicron infection, and 2 months have passed since the Biden administration declared the end of the pandemic. According to a paper published by researchers from Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, more than 90% of Americans said in the survey that they are no longer worried about the risk of infection.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s November survey data, most of the gaps are related to the new crown virus. Among them, 1.66 million people did not go to work because they were infected with the new crown or needed to take care of new crown patients, and 1.56 million people did not go to work because they were worried about being infected or spreading the virus themselves. And nearly 3.5 million people have lost their jobs because of the new crown-their own companies laid off employees, closed down or closed business during the new crown.
The United States is already a special case. Other countries do not have a strong currency like the U.S. dollar to rely on, so it is difficult to provide the same level of economic support to the market and the people.
In the third quarter of last year, which was strictly controlled, Vietnam’s GDP fell by 6% year-on-year. For every 1% economic downturn, tens of thousands of businesses close and millions of people lose their jobs. According to Vietnam’s official statistics, in the first half of 2021 alone, 70,000 businesses closed down, a year-on-year increase of 24.9%, which is equivalent to closing 400 businesses every day. During the same period, millions of people of the right age lost their source of income.
The main body of economic operation is a large or small enterprise. Building a business is not easy, and if a large number of businesses close during a pandemic, economic recovery after the pandemic will be difficult.
After the physical recovery, people sweep away the influence of these three years, and the efforts to return to normality have just begun.
Title image: December 4, 2022, Australia. Australian football fans gather to watch the World Cup match in Qatar.
“TECH TUESDAY” series
In 1957, a man-made object entered space for the first time, orbiting the Earth for three weeks. Human beings can look up and see a small flash across the sky in the night, parallel to the stars in mythology.
Such feats have inspired joy across races and ideologies across the globe. But not in the triumphant joy we might have guessed, touched by human feats. According to the political philosopher Hannah Arendt (Hannah Arendt) observed back then, people’s mood is closer to a long-awaited relief that science has finally caught up with expectations, “Humanity is finally on the way out of the cage of the earth. took the first step.”
People are always rapidly adjusting their expectations of the world based on technological exploration. When a fantasy of a science fiction writer becomes a reality, it is often that technology finally catches up with people’s expectations, or in Arendt’s words, “technology realizes and affirms that people’s dreams are neither crazy nor empty.”
At times like today, a little more dreaming is better.
This is also the expectation of “LatePost” launching the TECH TUESDAY column. We hope to regularly report on new scientific research and technological developments outside of the business world that “Later” focuses on on a daily basis.
These may be about the progress of a cutting-edge research, the observation of a technology application, or a tribute to some outstanding technologies or even an era.
This column will record the various changes in the world from the perspective of science and technology. During this journey, I hope readers can join us in gaining a little understanding of the world.
[1] Singapore announced the relaxation of control measures in August
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[2] Research conducted by the Public Health Schools of Harvard, Yale and Stanford
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[3] The investigation report of the House of Commons of the British Parliament
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[4] Research on COVID-19 containment measures in South Korean colleges and universities
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[5] Report on NFPA’s Opposition to Mandatory Vaccination
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[6] “The Lancet” study on the response to the new crown in 177 countries
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[7] “The Lancet” reviewed the experience and lessons of the global fight against the new crown
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[8] Research on the mortality rate in Hong Kong at the beginning of this year
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[9] Shanghai Jiaotong University’s research on the death of the elderly when infected in Shanghai
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[10] Bloomberg’s report on South Korea’s fight against the epidemic
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[11] “Central Daily” reported on the South Korean epidemic
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[12] “Korean Biomedical Review” report on the excess death of Kim Young-sam in the replay
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[13] “Korean Biomedical Review” report on the excess death of Lee Jae-gap
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[14] “The Lancet” research on the aftermath of Omicron
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[15] “Nature-Communications” research on sequelae
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[16] Research on the serum of Omicron-infected patients
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